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<title>Bit-level parallelism</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bit-level parallelism</span></span>

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<p><b>Bit-level parallelism</b> is a form of <a href="Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">parallel computing</a> based on increasing <a href="Word_(data_type)" class="mw-redirect" title="Word (data type)">processor word size</a>. Increasing the word size reduces the number of instructions the processor must execute in order to perform an operation on variables whose sizes are greater than the length of the word. (For example, consider a case where an <a href="8-bit_computing" title="8-bit computing">8-bit</a> processor must add two <a href="16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit</a> <a href="Integer" title="Integer">integers</a>. The processor must first add the 8 lower-order bits from each integer, then add the 8 higher-order bits, requiring two instructions to complete a single operation. A 16-bit processor would be able to complete the operation with single instruction.)

</p><p>Originally, all electronic computers were serial (single-bit) computers. The first electronic computer that was not a <a href="Serial_computer" title="Serial computer">serial computer</a>—the first bit-parallel computer—was the 16-bit <a href="Whirlwind_(computer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whirlwind (computer)">Whirlwind</a> from 1951.

</p><p>From the advent of <a href="Very-large-scale_integration" title="Very-large-scale integration">very-large-scale integration</a> (VLSI) computer chip fabrication technology in the 1970s until about 1986, advancements in computer architecture were done by increasing bit-level parallelism,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as <a href="4-bit_computing" title="4-bit computing">4-bit</a> microprocessors were replaced by <a href="8-bit_computing" title="8-bit computing">8-bit</a>, then <a href="16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit</a>, then <a href="32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-bit</a> microprocessors. This trend generally came to an end with the introduction of 32-bit processors, which were a standard in general purpose computing for two decades. 64 bit architectures were introduced to the mainstream with the eponymous Nintendo 64 (1996), but beyond this introduction stayed uncommon until the advent of <a href="X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> architectures around the year 2003, and 2014 for mobile devices with the ARMv8-A instruction set.

</p><p>On 32-bit processors, external <a href="Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">data bus</a> width continues to increase. For example, <a href="DDR1_SDRAM" class="mw-redirect" title="DDR1 SDRAM">DDR1 SDRAM</a> transfers 128 bits per clock cycle. <a href="DDR2_SDRAM" title="DDR2 SDRAM">DDR2 SDRAM</a> transfers a minimum of 256 bits per burst.

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<ul><li><a href="Single_instruction%2C_multiple_data" title="Single instruction, multiple data">Single Instruction, Multiple Data</a> (SIMD)</li>

<li><a href="SWAR" title="SWAR">SIMD Within A Register</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David E. Culler, Jaswinder Pal Singh, Anoop Gupta. Parallel Computer Architecture - A Hardware/Software Approach. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1999. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-55860-343-3</bdi>, pg 15</span>

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</style><div id="Parallel_computing346" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_algorithm" title="Parallel algorithm">Parallel algorithm</a></li>

<li><a href="Massively_parallel" title="Massively parallel">Massively parallel</a></li>

<li><a href="Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">Cloud computing</a></li>

<li><a href="High-performance_computing" title="High-performance computing">High-performance computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li>

<li><a href="Manycore_processor" title="Manycore processor">Manycore processor</a></li>

<li>GPGPU software</li>

<li><a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li>

<li><a href="Systolic_array" title="Systolic array">Systolic array</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Levels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Instruction-level_parallelism" title="Instruction-level parallelism">Instruction</a></li>

<li><a href="Task_parallelism" title="Task parallelism">Thread</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory-level_parallelism" title="Memory-level parallelism">Memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Pipeline_(computing)" title="Pipeline (computing)">Pipeline</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Temporal_multithreading" title="Temporal multithreading">Temporal</a></li>

<li><a href="Simultaneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous multithreading">Simultaneous</a> (SMT)</li>

<li><a href="Simultaneous_and_heterogeneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous and heterogeneous multithreading">Simultaneous and heterogenous</a></li>

<li><a href="Speculative_multithreading" title="Speculative multithreading">Speculative</a> (SpMT)</li>

<li><a href="Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">Preemptive</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_multitasking#Cooperative_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">Cooperative</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulldozer_(microarchitecture)#Bulldozer_core" title="Bulldozer (microarchitecture)">Clustered multi-thread</a> (CMT)</li>

<li><a href="Hardware_scout" title="Hardware scout">Hardware scout</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Parallel_RAM" title="Parallel RAM">PRAM model</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_external_memory" title="Parallel external memory">PEM model</a></li>

<li><a href="Analysis_of_parallel_algorithms" title="Analysis of parallel algorithms">Analysis of parallel algorithms</a></li>

<li><a href="Amdahl's_law" title="Amdahl's law">Amdahl's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Gustafson's_law" title="Gustafson's law">Gustafson's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Cost_efficiency" title="Cost efficiency">Cost efficiency</a></li>

<li><a href="Karp%E2%80%93Flatt_metric" title="Karp–Flatt metric">Karp–Flatt metric</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_slowdown" title="Parallel slowdown">Slowdown</a></li>

<li><a href="Speedup" title="Speedup">Speedup</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">Process</a></li>

<li><a href="Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">Thread</a></li>

<li><a href="Fiber_(computer_science)" title="Fiber (computer science)">Fiber</a></li>

<li><a href="Instruction_window" title="Instruction window">Instruction window</a></li>

<li><a href="Array_(data_structure)" title="Array (data structure)">Array</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coordination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_coherence" title="Memory coherence">Memory coherence</a></li>

<li><a href="Cache_coherence" title="Cache coherence">Cache coherence</a></li>

<li><a href="Cache_invalidation" title="Cache invalidation">Cache invalidation</a></li>

<li><a href="Barrier_(computer_science)" title="Barrier (computer science)">Barrier</a></li>

<li><a href="Synchronization_(computer_science)" title="Synchronization (computer science)">Synchronization</a></li>

<li><a href="Application_checkpointing" title="Application checkpointing">Application checkpointing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">Programming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Stream processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Dataflow_programming" title="Dataflow programming">Dataflow programming</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_programming_model" title="Parallel programming model">Models</a>

<ul><li><a href="Implicit_parallelism" title="Implicit parallelism">Implicit parallelism</a></li>

<li><a href="Explicit_parallelism" title="Explicit parallelism">Explicit parallelism</a></li>

<li><a href="Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">Concurrency</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Non-blocking_algorithm" title="Non-blocking algorithm">Non-blocking algorithm</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Flynn's_taxonomy" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Flynn's taxonomy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Single_instruction%2C_multiple_threads" title="Single instruction, multiple threads">Array processing</a> (SIMT)</li>

<li><a href="Flynn's_taxonomy#Pipelined_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Pipelined processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Flynn's_taxonomy#Associative_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Associative processing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dataflow_architecture" title="Dataflow architecture">Dataflow architecture</a></li>

<li>GPGPU hardware</li>

<li><a href="Instruction_pipelining" title="Instruction pipelining">Pipelined processor</a></li>

<li><a href="Superscalar_processor" title="Superscalar processor">Superscalar processor</a></li>

<li><a href="Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector processor</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessor</a>

<ul><li><a href="Symmetric_multiprocessing" title="Symmetric multiprocessing">symmetric</a></li>

<li><a href="Asymmetric_multiprocessing" title="Asymmetric multiprocessing">asymmetric</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Semiconductor_memory" title="Semiconductor memory">Memory</a>

<ul><li><a href="Shared_memory" title="Shared memory">shared</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_memory" title="Distributed memory">distributed</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_shared_memory" title="Distributed shared memory">distributed shared</a></li>

<li><a href="Massively_parallel" title="Massively parallel">Massively parallel</a> computer</li>

<li><a href="Computer_cluster" title="Computer cluster">Computer cluster</a>

<ul><li><a href="Beowulf_cluster" title="Beowulf cluster">Beowulf cluster</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Grid_computing" title="Grid computing">Grid computer</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="API" title="API">APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ateji_PX" title="Ateji PX">Ateji PX</a></li>

<li><a href="Boost_(C%2B%2B_libraries)" title="Boost (C++ libraries)">Boost</a></li>

<li><a href="Chapel_(programming_language)" title="Chapel (programming language)">Chapel</a></li>

<li><a href="Charm%2B%2B" title="Charm++">Charm++</a></li>

<li><a href="Coarray_Fortran" title="Coarray Fortran">Coarray Fortran</a></li>

<li><a href="Dryad_(programming)" title="Dryad (programming)">Dryad</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_Arrays" title="Global Arrays">Global Arrays</a></li>

<li><a href="GPUOpen" title="GPUOpen">GPUOpen</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenMP" title="OpenMP">OpenMP</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenCL" title="OpenCL">OpenCL</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenHMPP" title="OpenHMPP">OpenHMPP</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenACC" title="OpenACC">OpenACC</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_Extensions" title="Parallel Extensions">Parallel Extensions</a></li>

<li><a href="Pthreads" title="Pthreads">pthreads</a></li>

<li><a href="RaftLib" title="RaftLib">RaftLib</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Problems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Automatic_parallelization" title="Automatic parallelization">Automatic parallelization</a></li>

<li><a href="Deadlock_(computer_science)" title="Deadlock (computer science)">Deadlock</a></li>

<li><a href="Deterministic_algorithm" title="Deterministic algorithm">Deterministic algorithm</a></li>

<li><a href="Embarrassingly_parallel" title="Embarrassingly parallel">Embarrassingly parallel</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_slowdown" title="Parallel slowdown">Parallel slowdown</a></li>

<li><a href="Race_condition" title="Race condition">Race condition</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_lockout" title="Software lockout">Software lockout</a></li>

<li><a href="Scalability" title="Scalability">Scalability</a></li>

<li><a href="Starvation_(computer_science)" title="Starvation (computer science)">Starvation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category: Parallel computing</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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